structure of metamorphic rocks pdf

The original rock … Metamorphic rocks form gradually from existing rocks in solid state, so they remain rocks throughout the process. Unlike prions, they undergo reversible conformational changes. ��!�'+�p�S]�w|w�bI��fM��,�+C��t�Eqa�أas۩�S�4=�W��������@������u�͈��>*�v��P33����rq�/��H�;�+|�o��6��r�gM����໢�qzt�s�˺�/�� �uө Metamorphism is typically associated with elevated temperature and pressure; thus it affects rocks within the earth’s crust and mantle. There are other conditions t hat form metamorphic rocks. 428 0 obj <>stream Metamorphic rock names have traditionally had their basis in one or more of 4 attributes: texture, composition, precursor lithology (protolith) and metamorphic grade. With this in mind, today's lab focuses on common terms that are used to describe metamorphic rock textures, fabrics, structures Metamorphic Facies: All the rocks that have reached chemical equilibrium under a particular set of physical conditions. 0000001174 00000 n Metamorphic rocks are formed by the transformation of pre-existing lithologies under the influence of pressure and temperature. During metamorphism, protolith chemistry is mildly changed by increased temperature (heat), a type of … Metamorphic rocks are the third great class of rocks. Regional means that the metamorphic conditions occur over large geographic areas and include differential (or shearing) stresses, which help to form the layered structure known as foliation. lx�}�I��=u1��\��=�VrN!�F��\U��l����Rp��Dۂ���Rh�ÃO�|#����sٯ9�����c��ȃ^l~�3��ة��e;1����2�����q�㒭C�qB�*.�3�����P��-��J=*S�=+����յO�e�ѭD��^�������唁���_ ,�rZ The structures and textures of metamorphic rocks arise during the recrystallization in the solid state of primary sedimentary and magmatic rocks. As per Wikipedia, “”Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means “change in form””.The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars), causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The rocks that are formed will depend on the country rock that the intrusion invades. • Distinguish between foliated and non- foliated metamorphic rocks. H��WYo�6~�_�G��h��� @} p���վ8E��U�N��������$u��v8���p曙oF����W���ɇ��s�7oN������*�l�ݪY��e(�(�.�P�a,ʕ�E.��b ;!��U�B�Lk r�ŵ��b����k�� ��?P���G��+x�޲���*��Gy|&!���qC���!�x�}��5���1��c��mn���O���>�+|��vV�J�B&I Relict (remnant of the original structure) and crystalloblastic (metamoiphic crystalline structure) structures may exist side by side. endstream endobj 403 0 obj <>stream Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Definition of Metamorphism The word "Metamorphism" comes from the Greek: meta = after, morph = form, so metamorphism means the after form. rocks (igneous or metamorphic rocks). Plutonic rocks are formed under great depths. L-tectonites (or . Some rocks, such as limestone are made of minerals that are not flat or elongate. endstream endobj 402 0 obj <>stream a. A lithology field in a geoscience database is a place for classification of the constituents used to describe bodies of rock. Introduction & Textures & Structures of Igneous Rocks Petrology & Petrography Petrology - The branch of geology dealing with the origin, occurrence, structure, and history of rocks. ]'g���d���D��ky(v[��d(��g�uM��ੌKH+6���O���:E�6�+��[g�F~Nw\� wK/),9a%K�TV�� �t|��Ftj.������������J� A���e��E�q��ZH�J���p�U-n�)�U�8E q�㮌���3.�+�?��^�o]��^�l��U�Dv�ϝ�L~Hc'i� �O���S�l�&Cc%�1Ih���Ҕ���"� • Facies concept developed by Eskola (Norway, 1915) to compare metamorphic rocks from different areas. The end result is a rock with a metamorphic pattern called a foliation. A metamorphic rock used to be some other type of rock, but it was changed inside the Earth to become a new type of rock. • Identify major minerals contained within a metamorphic rock. Geology Laboratory: Metamorphic Rocks Revised on 10/8/2012 Page 2 of 9 Igneous rocks form from magma, which is not a rock (since it is a fluid) and sedimentary rocks lithify from loose sediment or precipitate from a solution. �О���j��ڡ{Kt��>��̉y�w�Q1\x��p�����S ��#�]�]���/ ��#��K{����4��ڴMl�&s�?�q��^{K?�>��;������ ;���A Iq>�3����8�W��G��X�Cm��3��{[$�Fד�o*/%��}|���6�6�v�y$�\P�@�f�B�H̨thS3u�aL�ʵ���K:�W��l�. Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification MAP SYMBOL TYPE OF COMPOSITION METAMORPHISM COMMENTS Low-g rade metamorphism of shale Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica cry stals Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars High-grade metamorphism; mineral types segregated into bands Metamorphism of bituminous coal Various rocks changed by … The process is driven by changing physical and/ or chemical conditions in response to large-scale geological dynamics. A quartzite in which all traces of the original grains and sedimentary structures are erased may also be called metaquartzite. 0000002583 00000 n STRUCTURES IN METAMORPHIC ROCKS Foliation: when platy, lamellar or flaky minerals (e.g.. sheet silicate minerals the micas: biotite and muscovite, chlorite, talc, and serpentine), occurring in rock orient themselves parallel to one another (i.e. 0000001037 00000 n IV Fabrics: grain-scale structure (metamorphic rocks & igneous rocks) A Foliation: preferred alignment of minerals (e.g., mica) parallel to a plane; B Lineation: preferred alignment of minerals parallel to a line; GG 612 February 28, 2008 6. Explain why a rock has a particular property based on how it was formed. Z�b>�s8ў��h��h�-�����C6�G��|A��ί���1P:���nqX\������Q�g���lN�>�8�ۭ>��H���_�&�΀�C��))���жJ��#��g��aa�æm���4�bB�-.ouJI���a�\�n�I�j�Zq ;&��lG�'� ��=A�aק;ev2NMmd�zP������+X�����M�~j�I~��(�B]���U���̟�(:�WϦ��\J���ҪR;������F���R�;�_�v���T{��+y�voA��Nu|��>#����#v�1�1-��Hݬ���] that analyze the complete description structure. Metamorphic rocks can be formed from igneous, sedimentary, or previous- ly metamorphosed rocks by recrystallization in the solid state. • Migrate to low shear area, where porphyroblasts form. Chapter 3 SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES 1. When erosion takes place, the overlying strata gradually disappear, ultimately exposing plutonic rocks on the surface. We will also answer - 1. what type of rock forms due to heating and cooling. Sedimentary rocks. Based on the mineral assemblage present in the rock one can often estimate the approximate bulk chemical composition of the rock. 0000006300 00000 n Introduction & Textures & Structures of Igneous Rocks Petrology & Petrography Petrology - The branch of geology dealing with the origin, occurrence, structure, and history of rocks. Metamorphic Rocks Presentation - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Typical metapelites include well-known metamorphic rocks such as, for example: chlorite-kyanite-schists, staurolite-garnet micaschists, chlori-toid-garnet micaschists, kyanite-staurolite schists, biotite-garnet-cordierite gneisses, sillimanite-biotite gneisses and orthopyroxene-garnet granulites. 0000003501 00000 n • Look at several protoliths to determine facies. The outstanding feature of the 7th edition of this book is the large number of phase diagrams showing the stability relations among minerals and groups of minerals found in metamorphic rocks. It consists of two or more constituents often layered repetitively; one layer was formerly paleosome, a metamorphic rock that was reconstituted subsequently by partial melting; the alternate layer has a pegmatitic, aplitic, granitic or generally plutonic appearance. In the first way, sandstone or chert recrystallizes resulting in a metamorphic rock under the pressures and temperatures of deep burial. Lineated rocks without an identifiablefoliation are known, particularly in gneisses, as . Such features include folds, nappes, and faults with a wide variety of geometries. 0000005447 00000 n PDF | On Mar 12, 2012, Romain Bousquet and others published Metamorphic structure of the Alps | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate 2. �7*�h�X| �隻���T�mE��1��s�H =��b�O���1̓@����z�mg�$Ħ�J 抆7��g���"��҂�}�2�yN�G1-��Q�D���������/�Ϳ�2"�PJ���^�����lz������Ou���wڋw;��g[��,��U־�feU^Ғ6V6���z���.룫��p6�_�I��a�S���À)�I�(f!G���t* <]>> • It leads to formation of Q-M domains. Petrography - The branch of geology dealing with the description and systematic classification of rocks, especially by microscopic examination of thin sections. endstream endobj 400 0 obj <>stream Metapelites are probably the most distinguished family of metamorphic rocks. I t is generally accepted that natural proteins possess unique, evolutionarily conserved three-dimensional structures. startxref This chapter describes different types … … As per Wikipedia, “”Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means “change in form””.The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars), causing profound physical and/or chemical change. structures like dikes or sills. p�v֡2�)��0�WCǽf�tD���!�$�ߌ9+��p7�"��GO����Wl�9Ӗ�(����%�|Zqma�#�ܱ?����ŷu-1��K�+ ޵{0��$�_�8Q�˿3�l��u=�=LjЏ�z�:� ���w">��?���'UOZp�gn��� ��m��M�J|�IJ���N Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are those rocks which are formed by the weathered sediments of pre existing rocks (igneous or metamorphic rocks). 0000002004 00000 n Download Version Download 70 File Size 259.91 KB File Count 1 Create Date 15/06/2020 Last Updated 15/06/2020 Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 2 - Metamorphic The report, issued here as BGS Research Report RR 99-02, has nine figures, seven tables and an appendix listing approved rock names. There appears to be in certain places a cross-cutting relationship where Highland Series structures cut the Vijayan structures. Metamorphic Differentiation • Rocks are inhomogeneous • So is the deformation in rocks experiencing shear • Separation of High and low shear zones by transition zones. • Facies represent specific temperature - pressure regimes. Metamorphic rock, any rock that results from the alteration of preexisting rocks in response to changing conditions, such as variations in temperature, pressure, and mechanical stress, and the addition or subtraction of chemical components. Rock, in geology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. Metamorphic Differentiation • Rocks are inhomogeneous • So is the deformation in rocks experiencing shear • Separation of High and low shear zones by transition zones. Metamorphic source rocks, the rocks that experience the metamorphism, are called the parent rock or protolith, from proto– meaning first, and lithos- meaning rock. �]U�vբv�V����A��>��O�R���+�ݾ�nU�T��w'C�m�K�;��w�9��s����=J]�)W��DQ(�Q��R��á�����������M{܏�-�mE�EՕE�#=���G��4i�mb�$�ZN#=(��t���)f�.O^�3�JKJ����S.u�BZ����Fߧ�? Random orientation Of minerals Preferred orientation Of minerals 37. This gives the rock a layered or banded appearance called foliation. 0000000770 00000 n The word comes from the Latin folium, meaning "leaf", and refers to the sheet-like planar structure. • Phyllosilicates accommodate better shear • Other minerals dissolve due to high shear. ;~��� 19 0 obj <> endobj Primary Sedimentary Structures Major Primary Sedimentary Structures are: 1. The structures and textures of metamorphic rocks arise during the recrystallization in the solid state of primary sedimentary and magmatic rocks. Know: Apply. • Migrate to low shear area, where porphyroblasts form. Figure 22.1. The relict structure may be use d to trace back the nature of the original rock and the magnitude of alteration it has undergone. The word comes from the Latin folium, meaning "leaf", and refers to the sheet-like planar structure. Gneissose structure • Either a poorly-developed schistosity or segregated into layers by metamorphic processes • Gneissose rocks are generally coarse grained . 0000006052 00000 n In that case, you will end up with the entire rock having minerals aligned in a certain direction, all by the breaking of bonds between atoms in a mineral, and reforming (recrystallizing) in the lower pressure areas among the grains or crystals in the rock. Gneiss rocks exhibit a unique form of foliation known as gneissic banding, which are thicker bands of foliation than most metamorphic rocks display. A thorough presentation on characteristics and description of all main types of metamorphic rocks. GG 612 February 28, 2008 10. !A!i�4���!��܌ ���b�^�-� a��voC��M�'U?m9��lXmӟ{�����+�;m �v��}Cppѷ:Q̵�!ə$�x�?,ۀK��Q���q���SP�� �vT o��,��a�0��K��cI��{ڶ��|�ZaCV�i��~�C�g��}>_��D��-��J�����<1T��h��wc*g:�65n�� À�4�S����#��(�����N76 �x"n�{�9i*�6.��+��[p��[�/��0upW���tV��P���xT�iⲠ�]��X�*����ZN"E����ݼ��8DI���4��O�=e����c��{X>lu(#��rP���(ak�`�x���thu��v�tjF˥0�op���2J�նq�!�k��s�V�@'�B�eam�=�=K=l�J�*��M+چypC��ܠ9�(h�]�@B�Zm ��&�� ��6D� 0000001741 00000 n Learn how igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are formed. The process of rock metamorphism changes the mineralogical and chemical composition, as well as the structure of rocks. Orientation . The original rock … pencil tectonites). Slate. Metamorphic petrology is the study of the solid-state chemical changes that take place in minerals and rock. In geology this refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to pressures and temperatures different from those under which the rock originally formed. Metamorphic Rocks When the pre existing rocks buried deep below the Earth's surface, they modified by heat, pressure and other chemical processes without melting. ���i[��g=��Īڪ� 7���%H��"���m�C�ղ��J*���ef�]�k��cg[k���Ƶ]�f/nk�)��/^J�/]L�|�ؕ+ǎ_��/������d�5�}�x��Y�S��P��4���d?��li~6����o����ƺ���uc4,x�{�. INTRODUCTION 1.1 You might have heard us define structure in rocks as rock geometry on a scale much larger than grains.This is a singularly unilluminating definition, be-cause it doesn't conjure up in the mind of the uninitiated any of the great variety of interesting and significant geometries that get produced by the physical, chemical, Often metamorphic rocks contain complicated folds and cleavages that make them difficult to record in field sketches and to interpret. They are not made from molten rock – rocks that do melt form igneous rocks instead. Amphibolite, marble, and quartzite are defined according to their composition. b. Phyllite. trailer Yet, this empirical rule may be in need of revision. 0000005883 00000 n • Facies concept developed by Eskola (Norway, 1915) to compare metamorphic rocks from different areas. The geological processes that involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks are as under: 1. The rock possessing slaty cleavage has a unique property of splitting into thin sheets. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks. endstream endobj 20 0 obj<. Sedimentary rocks. Two examples of metamorphic rock descriptions are medium-grained, hornblende-biotite schist, or fine- to medium-grained, garnetiferous, muscovite-chlorite-feldspar-quartz gneiss. 0 Petrography is a subfield of Petrology. endstream endobj 399 0 obj <>stream Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a platy or sheet-like structure. These agents can act and interact in an almost infinite variety of ways. This molten material is called magma when it is in the ground and lava when it is on the surface. Sedimentary - rock formed by the collection, compaction, and cementation of mineral grains, rock fragments, and sand that are moved by wind, water, or ice to the site of depo-sition. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture, and chemical compositionof the rocks. the concept of silica saturation and alumina saturation applies to metamorphic rocks as well). Metamorphic rocks make up the largest volume of the Earth. endstream endobj startxref Such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable volumes. Metamorphism occurs when solid rock changes in composition and/or texture without the mineral crystals melting, which is how igneous rock is generated. 0000001586 00000 n Burial metamorphism is a special type of low grade metamorphism with low temperatures and pressures. GG 612 February 28, 2008 7. 0000189237 00000 n Contact metamorphism zones can be a few centimeters to several kilometers, especially around large plutons. A foliation is any sort of fabric-forming planar or curved planar geologic structure in a metamorphic rock, but could additionally include sedimentary bedding or magmatic layering (Wilkerson, 2019). Chapter PDF Available Geology, Structural, Metamorphic and Mineralization Studies Along the Mandi-Kullu-Manali-Rohtang Section of Himachal Pradesh, NW-India December 2020 The nomenclature of metamorphic rocks is classified according to various criteria, especially texture, composition, and P–T conditions of metamorphism. Most metamorphic processes take place deep underground, inside the earth’s crust. Metamorphic Rocks Presentation - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The word metamorphism comes from ancient Greek words for “change” (meta) and “form” (morph). Model the processes that are responsible for rock formation and link these to the rock features. A1. The driving forces for metamorphism are changes in temperature,pressure,and compo- sition of pore fluids. %PDF-1.6 %���� 2. No matter how much pressure you apply, the grains will not align! Foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. These three different rock types can be found in distinct areas of the UK. 41 0 obj<>stream structures in rocks, cause the formation of new minerals, and produce the coarsening of texture and layering of minerals. Texture Foliated Metamorphic Rocks Rock cleavage - when clays re-crystalize at fairly low degrees of metamorphism they form minute muscovite flakes which are aligned in the rock. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture, and chemical compositionof the rocks. endstream endobj 396 0 obj <>/Metadata 37 0 R/Outlines 49 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 393 0 R/StructTreeRoot 58 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 397 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 398 0 obj <>stream Only the Earth’s outer core is liquid; the Earth’s mantle and crust is naturally solid. ��ΌHY�%[���a@inˁ'�`��3/�%`~�b���l>����c���� ��cZ�]Jb��Y�=`�#Ť�E3_ |�v���`�O+3g�� ��tG8U>7o���aR�NXc FM�O�xo��o�2�?�wE�J�|�cޯ������c�������d�V�kn��fm��[�9����YJqź�������ܔY���M^g��?�EV���7/��%O^��Y�� ��U3|�P|0&��؈>H�_L�x�Y(���JJ�o��b�-��/�&����}�kJ��t�-7�f�\,/U�4�����. -�VN��U�ȡ�9V����&!���ݼ7�w��.��^@"� 1jN�����lK����К����no(P������I�֏���G��}=(��8�6�j�5��4��GmX�z�����7�Σ����5ټ��I�߸�VVڊ����Ec�{W�6�;zx2Їc�U ��+dv����IRUI��&T;�*�hp�im1uk���8�LS�N]���,�{�܉�����7�e�cK�K�)l�R��q�����8�6���(E�y!��Z����xE��@:m�f�[��M8��J�y�p͑�~�|z6�E=��%�@ �Q�ix+�Y��4�5�,��;����i��\$;�4� *8��т�թ���O���F�!�. h��W�n�6�>&(RR�HI�"�/ɮ�:�FiS���bs��dH Metamorphic rocks that are classified according to texture include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss. Ideas. H�b``������$����WR����~�������|@���T��#���2S/`M. • Look at several protoliths to determine facies. In result, pre existing rocks are reformed intonew rocksknownasMetamorphicRocks. Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks. These changes produce new minerals,new textures,and new structures with- in the rock body. Bedding (Stratification) 2. 0 In this chapter the methods used to draw field sketches of complex structures in metamorphic rocks are described. endstream endobj 401 0 obj <>stream Metamorphic rocks are formed from other rocks that are changed because of heat or pressure. 3. The four main agents that metamorphose rocks are heat, pressure, fluids, and strain. )U!���$5�X�3/9�� �(�$5�j�%V*�'��&*���r" (,!��!�0b;�C��Ң2(��ɘ� � I�8/ The preexisting rocks may be igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. . ���j!��:Ω��9U�KN����}�t����N3Nq��o9�@��‡3�� ��p�� ����:-M>���t��G߻�� �q� Metamorphic Rocks When the pre existing rocks buried deep below the Earth's surface, they modified by heat, pressure and other chemical processes without melting. {����.�`U��w�����U���\�X�M����]?��D}����,�BК���a��o@W�8�vޡ�XB�Ȕ׵���~��׈{_{��� �[r�p!�X��ʯ}����U�}ł~������B�-���*?��1�jq����Uf��P`��p��P~��-|��c-�f-&p�RkC��9�!��\�65�8���50 �}�(5!D����␝&��f�D��� A foliated rock holds a parallel alignment of certain minerals that are repetitively layered. i��3�c:L�9�]q[��)2W�e@n���-��>'�;v�,5�q/�{��;��:+��X����g�ۙvp��1���L��=|�t�� O��5&�p�QL䦙4��zZE��e��):K��1V��Q.�E�X-vCD�iqE���̗^�J>)��3�M��|G�2S *K��+;Cy[iS�Pb*T�i�T�����Yf�Ymn3w0]��j������PǓ���=��ܻ�\�.���Y�{Q>����=\�M���X��%��h��C4����i m�&�N{��:��J���W8O��b�Fl��n�W��Vq�w”6މr�,����X��������>�_Fe�|]J�R��T6);���q� �o�%u�Z������'��-Ֆak��E�6�z�ǎ^�����'���I��>��l�O$���Q�+e�L"�۱�s���-1���Uq�6R-�/�@yP��9uU�R�A��w�WT��jX��-q �.��5��tH�y�0LI�E1Qi�L1L�����(���D��HatH~�iV8R�:��2���l��#�N�J��s8�vy�m�@!���Q�/4P�Y���!���)M\�{�O�����>���-���b.�5B��9�������;"��S�G���ɅM*ȟ8a��c�<0z��y�9Ç}7;+s���6d��i���ۧwj/gJ��Ą�MU� �z��fd%K�>=��z��{CcQqwC�ʹ�n������a��$�6 ��r5���t-JUe>��~͸���JV$3p��C�h(� %PDF-1.5 %���� SHEET STRUCTURE: In this structure, the rock appears to be made up of a number of sheets, because of the development of nearly horizontal cracks. (i) Slaty structure: The slaty structure is also called slaty cleavage. The attitude of a linear structure … Erosion, 3. GG 612 February 28, 2008 9. 19 23 Graded Bedding 3. Compaction 5. cementation. • It leads to formation of Q-M domains. The phrase chemically reactive refers to the dissolved ions in a fluid phase that may react with minerals in a rock; these ions may take the place of some of the atoms in the mineral’s structure, which may lead to a significant change in the chemical composition of a rock. Metamorphic zones • Systematic variations in the mineralogy and often the textures of metamorphic rocks are related to the variations in the degree of metamorphism • Changes in mineralogy occur from regions of low-grade metamorphism to regions of high-grade metamorphism • Certain minerals, index minerals, are good indicators of the metamorphic conditions in which they form • … 0000187826 00000 n Abstract. 0000003626 00000 n If the minerals have a sheet-like structure, like the micas, then they will be squished flat into a particular orientation. The basic procedural aspects of writing a description for metamorphic rocks or rock units are identical to those for sedimentary rocks and rock units. Each layer can be as thin as a sheet of paper, or over a meter in thickness. 0000188064 00000 n ��Ej9�BH��� ����Q�s The Vijayan rocks are mainly monotonous-homogeneous quartzofeldspatihic gneisses that suggests an infracrustal metamorphic-plutonic parentage in contrast to the supracrustal meta-sedimentary nature of the Highland Series. K1. (*���(%�8H����8c�-�� f�ԉd�9�@6_IjH��9���(3=�D����R�1%? The solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable volumes amygdule: cavities... Most significant fabric elements and it should be included in all complete structure maps features folds. Especially texture, and faults with a wide variety of geometries of igneous igneous. Has a unique property of splitting into thin sheets magnitude of alteration it has undergone result a..., phyllite, schist, or metamorphosed, by conditions underground rock holds a parallel of! Are the third great class of rocks, cause the formation of sedimentary rocks less... 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