ixodes scapularis treatment

D. W. J. Campos 1998) with long-lasting effects (Metzger and Rust 2002). In 2001, 110 additional properties (pink dots) were added (154 total treated properties, new areas 2001). G. O. Of particular interest is the impact that fipronil-treatment had on the natural enzootic transmission cycle of B. burgdorferi among I. scapularis and P. leucopus. Little EAH, Williams SC, Stafford KC 3rd, Linske MA, Molaei G. Exp Appl Acarol. It was difficult for mice to enter the bait-containing chamber due to the rigid wick design. These concentrations are 4,000–6,000-fold higher than the LD50 required to kill nymphal ticks and ≈40,000 fold the amount required to effectively control larvae (Barnard et al. N. 1991) were significantly reduced. Upon capture, individual mice were anesthetized with methoxyflurane and ectoparasites removed with fine forceps and placed in 70% ethanol for species identification. Host-targeted bait boxes can be set out in early May and ensure effectiveness throughout seasonal, peak nymphal activity. 2001), and are formulated with a synergist such as piperonyl butoxide, for areawide treatments (Panella et al. NexGard kills adult fleas and is indicated for the treatment and prevention of flea infestations (Ctenocephalides felis), and the treatment and control of Black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis), American Dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum), and Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) infestations in dogs and puppies 8 weeks of age and older, weighing 4 pounds of body weight or greater, for one month. D. R. D. H. 4B). The amount of bait consumed, feces within the bait box, presence of dirt and debris on treated wicks, and depletion of fipronil from wicks determined relative use. Ear-biopsy culture results performed on P. leucopus demonstrated that the transmission cycle of Lyme disease on Mason’s Island is very intense. Characteristic morulae may be present in granulocytes. Kurtii compared with untreated areas. Sardelis Vasvary R. A. Schug χ2 was used to determine significance (at P ≤ 0.05) of tick infestations rates on mice, ticks per mouse, numbers of infected mice, and percentages of young of the year infected comparing treated areas to untreated areas. Likewise, the abundance of host-seeking nymphs was significantly reduced on treated properties by >50%. In 1999, 13 properties (red dots) received Protecta Jr. fipronil-treated bait boxes on the southern tip of the island (Nauyaug Pt.). N. A. K. C. 1991). J. M. From 15 May through 12 June, ≈20% of the bait boxes with the scented cotton ball and 30% of the bait boxes with the Detex bait blocks were being used. 1998). Schulze J. (Des Vignes and Fish, 1997) The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), serves as the principal vector in the northeastern United States. Parkin Birckel These 11 nymphs were not tested for the presence of Bb or Ap due to the small sample size. 2015;370:20140051. Dolan In the United States, the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularisSay affects the greatest number o… It is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (I. scapularis or Ixodes pacificus). Tick infestation rates on mice in these New Areas were nearly identical to untreated controls. Continuing collaborative developmental efforts between CDC and Bayer Environmental Science (previously Aventis Environmental Science) are underway to produce a bait box that meets EPA safety and registration criteria, will last several weeks without maintenance, and will accommodate use by eastern chipmunks, a secondary but important host for immature I. scapularis and B. burgdorferi (Anderson et al. B. S. Spielman 1991, Stafford and Magnarelli 1993). R. D. Madigan Animals were handled according to approved protocols on file with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Animal Care and Use Committee. Five sites located in the undeveloped natural area near the center of the island were used as untreated controls during all 3 yr (Fig. R. D. NIH J. S. During August from 1999 to 2001, five-fifths untreated sites had questing larvae. Hung 1991, 1994; Stafford et al. 12 Treatment typically includes doxycycline, which also covers B burgdorferi coinfection. Vitale Humane Use of Cardiac Puncture for Non-Terminal Phlebotomy of Wild-Caught and Released. Boxes were spaced ≈10 m apart along the interface of maintained landscaping (predominantly lawn) with woodlot, stonewall, or scrub brush consisting of both native plants and feral cultivars to specifically target mouse/tick habitat (Maupin et al. Piesman False. A total of 6,025 ticks was collected from these mice. compared with the untreated control areas (Fig. Bosler 1992, Leprince and Lane 1996). Magnarelli J. D. Zeidner 3C) with 6.3 ticks per mouse (Fig. As the deer feed, they are passively treated with an acaricide for controlling ticks. Table 4 shows densities of host-seeking nymphs in June 2000 and 2001. One might be concerned that using a food lure in bait boxes might potentially increase rodent populations. Piesman Moreover, the abundance of questing I. scapularis adults on treated properties was reduced by 77% and fewer were infected with spirochetes (31%) compared with untreated sites (47%) after 3 yr of treatment. J. E. Moreover, using these devices in combination as part of an integrated pest management approach would facilitate the targeting of all three stages of deer ticks for complete control during a single season and warrants further investigation. During this 3-yr study, 36.4% of young mice in the untreated areas were spirochete-infected during the pretreatment period (May), and 32.1% became infected on recapture from June through September. 2A) by 30 July. 2007;134(pt 2):209-227. A single 200-mg dose of doxycycline given within 72 hours after an I. scapularis tick bite can prevent the development of Lyme disease. The impact of treatment on host-seeking populations of nymphal and adult I. scapularis was evaluated. Lane The remaining 70 boxes were set out on an additional 10 properties during the week of 23 June. declined within the first month after placement of the bait boxes on 13 properties in May 1999, and remained extremely low through September 2000. A monthly record of relative use by white-footed mice was kept for 200 boxes in total on 35 properties, June through September. Protection against B. burgdorferi transmission was afforded to young mice in the New Areas with results similar to those observed on Nauyaug Pt. 2001). R. C. Posttreatment collections made over the 3-yr period when modified Protecta Jr. bait boxes were in place resulted in a total of two I. scapularis larvae collected from two mice during 1999 and only one mouse with 15 ticks in 2000. R. C. 1996, Stafford et al. A record of relative use by white-footed mice was kept for each box during the trial. J. In both the treated and untreated areas during 1999 and 2000, >70% of the mice were captured only once, and the proportion of individual captures in the treated and untreated areas during 2001 were 67 and 65%, respectively, indicating constant migration in and out of the study area (data not shown). In 2000, initial treatment with fipronil began on 19 May (245 boxes on 34 properties) and at 2-wk intervals, each box was checked to add bait and fipronil as necessary. Figure 1 shows the locations of fipronil-treated properties and untreated control areas, and Table 2 describes the bait box design, fipronil formulation, and number of treated properties evaluated from 1999 to 2001 on Mason’s Island., Mystic, CT.  |  In comparison, fewer mice (29.1% of 452 mice) (P < 0.05) were infected in the Nauyaug Pt. There are two main species of ticks, Ixodes scapularis, the blacklegged tick, and Ixodes pacificus, the western blacklegged tick. These studies demonstrated this compound to be effective at low concentrations with a long half-life (≥42 d) of acaricidal activity. In addition, ≈300 μl of whole blood was taken by cardiac puncture, and each mouse was ear-tagged, weighed, overall body measurements recorded (total body length, tail length, right ear length, and right hind foot length), and subsequently released at the point of capture. Shisler J. Fipronil-treated bait boxes were in place by 15 May all 3 yr. (B) Infestation rates of mice including New Areas. R. D. Percentage of control for 0.75% fipronil at 42 d remained adequately high at 92% (modified Abbott’s formula). 1998, Herrington Jr 2004, Hook et al. Ogden NH, Bigras-Poulin M, O’Callaghan CJ, et al. C. Fish During year 2 of the study, 365 Protecta Jr. fipronil-treated bait boxes were placed on 44 properties. R. A. Schulze They are also familiar with the bull’s eye rash that is characteristic in most cases of Lyme disease. Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Identification of endemic foci of Lyme disease: isolation of, The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease, Acaricide susceptibility in the lone star tick: assay techniques and baseline data, Control of plague vectors on diurnal rodents in the Sierra Nevada of California by use of insecticide bait-boxes, Laboratory and field trials of permethrin-treated cotton used as nesting material to control fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) on cricetid rodents, Lyme disease cases reported to CDC by state health departments 2001–2002, Skin distribution of fipronil by microautoradiography following topical administration to the beagle dog, Evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of Lyme disease in southernNewYork State, Efficacy of a permethrin-based acaricide to reduce abundance of, Environmental risk and prevention of Lyme disease, Landscape features associated with Lyme disease risk in a suburban residential environment, Flea (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae, Hystrichopsyllidae) and tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) control on wood rats using hosttargeted liquid permethrin in bait tubes. In 1999, 13 contiguous properties at the southern tip of the island (Nauyaug Point, ≈ 9.9 ha) received fipronil-treated bait boxes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. This research was made possible through a competitive Emerging Infectious Disease Initiative, Emerging Infectious Disease Discretionary Fund, through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Lyme Disease Vector Section, Fort Collins, CO. G.O.M. Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Postal 3. All 1,700 bait boxes contained a wick treated with 0.75% (AI) fipronil. Parkin 2020 Jul 31;13(1):391. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04258-0. These observations underscore the need for an acaricide with considerable residual activity and adequate potency to protect mice from tick infestation. Laboratory bioassays conducted on a total of four concentrations of fipronil resulted in complete protection through 14 d after treatment (Table 1). 4A). 3A) and the mean ticks per mouse were 0.31 and 0.37, respectively (Fig. G. A. A 3-yr community-based study was conducted on residential properties on Mason's Island, Mystic, CT, to determine the efficacy of a rodent-targeted acaricide (fipronil) to control immature Ixodes scapularis (Say) on Peromyscus leucopus. . In May 2001, the number of fipronil-treated properties was expanded to a total of 154 properties (≈150 ha; additional 110 properties designated new areas 2001). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 1986) before cultures were deemed negative. Upon replacement of these boxes (30 July 2001) with the original prototype, a modified Protecta Jr. bait box, no ticks were collected from 54 P. leucopus trapped during August and September 2001 (Figs. L. M. Relative acceptance and use of these devices by P. leucopus in 1999 on fipronil-treated properties was ≥85% in June and increased to >95% from July through September. A. The principal goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that passively applied fipronil in a rodent bait box effectively reduced the number of host-seeking I. scapularis. L. E. 1991, Wilson and Deblinger 1993). Jones Rimmer Nelson A total of 11 host-seeking nymphs (four nymphs in 2000 and seven in 2001) were collected on the 13 properties on Nauyaug Pt. These ticks were not used when determining infestation rates or ticks per mouse. . In 1999, pretreatment trapping was conducted in April and May and in May only during 2000 and 2001. To further evaluate the impact of fipronil on the incidence of B. burgdorferi transmission, we examined rates of infection among naïve young of the year (≤17 g) (Schug et al. Piesman 1997; Lane et al. 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