grass inflorescence definition

One such structure, the spikelet, adds a recursive level of complexity by branching to form lateral florets, making the grass inflorescence a compound inflorescence in which the spikelet forms a morphologically distinct unit. '50`+��X��XNfd��(���o礗W��9��4�՘�!��RhG��(� P2vqq�B�v e������Q���E����QTPµ��#��|�2<>n�"� There are three main grass inflorescence types: 1. panicle, 2. spike, 3. raceme. 0000017013 00000 n 377 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 380 /H [ 2854 495 ] /L 432765 /E 117010 /N 4 /T 425106 >> endobj xref 377 118 0000000016 00000 n Rather than propose a new set of terms for 0000099412 00000 n 0000067873 00000 n 0000056473 00000 n Raceme spikelet: Spikelets borne on pedicels and attached to rachis (central axis). 0000024158 00000 n Define inflorescence. 0000025566 00000 n 0000059722 00000 n 0000005723 00000 n 0000037556 00000 n 0000046844 00000 n 0000040836 00000 n The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis (peduncle) is known as inflorescence. Studies show that a combination of innovative grass-specific genes and usage of widely conserved genes in conserved, modified and unique ways has allowed the establishment of the spikelet system. grass field definition in English dictionary, grass field meaning, synonyms, see also 'Grass',bent grass',Bermuda grass',brome grass'. 0000040772 00000 n 0000116174 00000 n Rye Grass Inflorescence: Next Drawing > The flowers of the grasses are tiny, inconspicuous and carried in dense inflorescences*. It is becoming apparent that the structure of the grass inflorescence is controlled by regulation of the maintenance of the indeterminate phase and/or the transition to the determinate spikelet phase, which is partly achieved through the control of meristem cell proliferation. Each is unique as to how the individual flowering units, called spikelets, are attached to the central axis. 4A), which is the basic unit of the flower or seed head (termed an inflorescence; see also Page v). 0000077447 00000 n ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations, connationsand reduction of main and secondary axes. Now to answer, a grass is any plant that belongs to the family Gramineae (alternatively called Poaceae), also called grass family. Another term often used in inflorescence description is peduncle, defined as the stalk of a cluster of spikelets (Gould, 1978). 0000002712 00000 n 0000051619 00000 n The ovary contains one ovule and bears two styles with feathery stigmas. • Arranged on the stem: spike, raceme or panicle. While models of inflorescence architecture have been proposed in both eudicots and grasses, these are inadequate to fully explain the complex branching events that occur during the development of the grass inflorescence. Grass Inflorescence Types: Grass flowers (called florets) are very small, too small for their detailed structure to be seen by the unaided eye.One to several florets (some may be sterile and substantially reduced) are packed together in a structure termed a spikelet (see Fig. 0000031334 00000 n The upper part, which is called the blade, and the lower part called the sheath. 0000082953 00000 n 0000020085 00000 n 0000019758 00000 n We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 0000050362 00000 n inflorescence synonyms, inflorescence pronunciation, inflorescence translation, English dictionary definition of inflorescence. 0000086971 00000 n Parts of a single grass spikelet, consisting of two glumes, four fertile florets, with one additional central floret that may or may not be sterile A spikelet, in botany, describes the typical arrangement of grass flowers. 0000034858 00000 n 0000047567 00000 n By this definition, multiple inflorescences can occur on a single culm. a small or secondary spike in grasses; one of the flower clusters, the unit of inflorescence, consisting of two or more flowers and subtended by one or … 0000023042 00000 n 0000028650 00000 n Spikelets. Consequently, by grass flowers we are referring to the flowers of the members of Gramineae. 1). It depicts and exemplifies different types of the grass gynoecium. The spikelet is the basic unit defining the inflorescence structure of these species. This is the characteristic inflorescence of remarkable figs in the genus Ficus (Moraceae) which includes an estimated 1,000 species. 0000043975 00000 n An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Among these, the change from the indeterminate phase to the determinate spikelet phase is a crucial factor governing inflorescence structure. 0000104451 00000 n An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis (peduncle) and by the timing of its flowering (determinate and indeterminate). The grass inflorescence contains novel branching structures and does not readily conform to the transient model (Fig. Grass inflorescence occurs in one of three types. 0000049148 00000 n 0000082930 00000 n inflorescence top left to right: umbel and corymb bottom left to right: panicle and raceme n. 0000073168 00000 n 0000077470 00000 n 0000048179 00000 n %PDF-1.3 %���� Grasses have three main inflorescence (seed head) types: panicle, spike, and raceme (Fig. 0000040857 00000 n – flowers sessile (without a … 0000003327 00000 n Once you understand how turfgrasses grow and develop, it is easier see how they function as long-lived communities and how they tolerate traffic, mowing, and other problems. 0000091011 00000 n Examples: Festuca, Paspalum (crown grass), Echinochloa (barnyard grass), etc. 0000004312 00000 n 0000006854 00000 n 0000025269 00000 n 0000021926 00000 n 0000040792 00000 n Recent progress in molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence form. 0000029782 00000 n 0000051642 00000 n Inflorescence definition is - the mode of development and arrangement of flowers on an axis. 0000041161 00000 n 0000062647 00000 n Inflorescence, in a flowering plant, a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches. 0000003349 00000 n 0000018107 00000 n Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The combination of spatial and temporal patterns specified by the spikelet meristem after the transition to reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure. 0000032945 00000 n 0000109925 00000 n 0000086948 00000 n We use the grass inflorescence terminology of spike, spicate raceme, raceme, and panicle in the traditional sense. Further branching leads to secondary branches, tertiary branches, and so forth. 0000026946 00000 n 0000026969 00000 n The family includes such important crops as rice, corn, wheat, and all other cereals, sugarcane, lemon grass, and bamboo. 0000034570 00000 n 0000046128 00000 n 0000002854 00000 n In Brachypodium ( Brachypodium distachyon ), the inflorescence is an unbranched spike with a terminal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets. 0000116462 00000 n 0000039148 00000 n .�En$0�f�p`8���'�������c< ��2��ca`�l���a1��Ō�C���i����J��CnCc��Ñ��:δ1�lQ`�������pa1o��v����. The panicle has its spikelets spaced along spreading or compressed branches. Inflorescence Development in Grass Species In principle, the inflorescence form is defined by the arrangement of terminal structures (Prusinkiewicz et al., 2007). 0000094795 00000 n 0000088873 00000 n 0000050339 00000 n spikelet: a flowering unit comprised of one or more florets enclosed by two glumes (bracts). 0000003631 00000 n 0000029759 00000 n 0000042877 00000 n Temporal regulation of the phase change in each meristem determines the spatial arrangement of spikelets in the inflorescence. The basic unit of the grass inflorescence is the spikelet. Ligule — In grasses, this is a small hair- or scale-like tissue that develops where the leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stem all … Proposed Terminology for the Grass Inflorescence The grass inflorescence is a highly modified, complex structure, with a different ontogeny than the nongrass inflorescence. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. Within the shoot are separate parts called the stem, the leaves, and the seed head (inflorescence). •Spike. 0000045383 00000 n 0000041139 00000 n 0000031311 00000 n Inflorescence. The grass inflorescence is striking not only for its beauty and diversity, but also for its developmental complexity. When the spikelets are attached directly to the rachis the inflorescence is called a … 0000059745 00000 n During inflorescence formation, new meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes. 0000035988 00000 n According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, inflorescence is defined as, “a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches”. • The group of flowers or seeds in a grass. 0000039171 00000 n 0000114930 00000 n 0000094818 00000 n 0000099435 00000 n In determinate (cymose) 0000073145 00000 n The study of cool-season turfgrasses begins with learning the basic structures of grass plants and how they develop from seed to mature plants. 0000048157 00000 n 0000037579 00000 n Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. H�b``pc`�Vc`g`�� Ȁ ��@Q�p%�����3. 0000040748 00000 n 0000116752 00000 n This work presents the basics for interpreting the adult inflorescence structure in grasses. Inflorescence structure directly affects the yield of grain crops. 0000018658 00000 n In a raceme, spikelets are borne on short stalks, called pedicels, coming off a main culm. 0000046106 00000 n Capitulum (Head): A short, dense inflorescence of sessile flowers attached to a common receptacle. noun Botany. Media in category "Grass inflorescence" The following 200 files are in this category, out of 427 total. Grass inflorescences (Figures 1-3) are delimited by the uppermost culm leaf or portion thereof. 0000032968 00000 n 0000021630 00000 n 0000067850 00000 n Spikelets can have raceme, panicle, spike or compound spike (spike of spikes) inflorescence. Since the spikelets are considered to be the terminal structure in grass species, the grass inflorescence form is explained by the spatial arrangement of spikelets. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417162-6.00007-9. Catkin or Ament: A spike-like inflorescence of unisexual, apetalous flowers, often pendent and falling as a unit. The same terms have been applied to both because of an over-all structural similarity. 0000041930 00000 n It provides an analysis of the variations in the grass inflorescence structure and their correlation with some of the developmental processes that give origin to it. 0000091033 00000 n 0000018386 00000 n 0000091441 00000 n The central axis of an inflorescence is called a rachis (Fig. spike raceme panicle. 0000048712 00000 n A spike has its spikelets attached directly to the main culm. 22). 0000104428 00000 n 0000062670 00000 n 0000004609 00000 n 0000035965 00000 n Spikelet definition: the unit of a grass inflorescence , typically consisting of two bracts ( glumes )... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples This is the typical inflorescence of willow (Salix), cottonwood (Populus), oak (Quercus), alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula). 0000026664 00000 n There are two parts to a grass leaf. 0000044695 00000 n 0000116153 00000 n 0000028360 00000 n By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 0000045405 00000 n inflorescence: flower head terminating the stem, consisting of a collection of flowers arranged on a common axis. Inflorescences. 0000042855 00000 n 0000089218 00000 n 0000088894 00000 n 0000109948 00000 n 0000047589 00000 n 0000003786 00000 n Other terms are used for specialized panicle inflorescences. It may be of following types: Terminal, Axillary and Intercalary. 0000049126 00000 n 0000046866 00000 n Within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a spikelet, or small branch, unique to the grass species. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, or sometimes cauline. trailer << /Size 495 /Info 376 0 R /Root 378 0 R /Prev 425095 /ID[<967aa409f0d47a4aa45e4d6ef0c2e312><967aa409f0d47a4aa45e4d6ef0c2e312>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 378 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 375 0 R /OpenAction 379 0 R >> endobj 379 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 380 0 R /FitH -32768 ] >> endobj 493 0 obj << /S 149 /T 401 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 494 0 R >> stream 0000041908 00000 n 0000091464 00000 n Racemose Inflorescence: In this type of inflorescence the main axis does not end in a flower, but it … 0000040812 00000 n 0000043997 00000 n 0000116483 00000 n Spikelet definition is - a small or secondary spike; specifically : one of the small few-flowered bracted spikes that make up the compound inflorescence of a grass or sedge. rachis: central axis of seed head. There are no petals or sepals in the usual sense, but the reproductive organs are enclosed in two green, leaf-like structures called bracts. 21). Androecium and gynoecium are essential or reproductive whorls as they are necessary for sexual reproduction and seed formation. 0000002790 00000 n 0000044673 00000 n Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed. 0000089195 00000 n The chapter explains characteristics of the grass inflorescence and shortly refers to typological analysis. Definition - What does Inflorescence mean? Types of Inflorescence. One can also define an inflorescence as the reproductive portio… Inflorescence — A grouping or arrangement of florets or flowers into a composite structure. Grasses produce florets on a structure called a spikelet, and variation in the number and arrangement of both branches and spikelets contributes to the great diversity of grass inflorescence architecture. However, it also applies to the blooming order or pattern of those flowers, as well as how they are arranged, and more. 0000020062 00000 n 0000048690 00000 n Each spikelet has one or more florets. 0000021328 00000 n compound – referring to inflorescences made up of a number of small constituent inflorescences (as in some Andropogoneae), or a raceme with some secondary branching culm – the flowering stem of a grass plant culm sheath (bamboos) – modified, often non-photosynthetic, culm leaf with an expanded sheath and much reduced blade, usually deciduous 0000114908 00000 n 0000056496 00000 n All of the aboveground section of a grass is collectively called the shoot. All these species belong to a polyphyletic group of … Or small branch, unique to the use of cookies flowers we are referring to the use of cookies group. Spikelets borne on short stalks, called pedicels, coming off a main culm unique to..., in a flowering unit comprised of one or more florets enclosed by two (... And seed formation of sessile flowers attached to the grass gynoecium the shoot of plants! Of spikelets ( Gould, 1978 ) to reproduction determines the spatial of... Be of following types: panicle, spike, 3. raceme reproductive whorls they. Tailor content and ads out of 427 total grass ), which is a! Progress in molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence is called rachis... Called spikelets, are attached to a common receptacle and temporal patterns specified the! Basic unit of the phase change in each meristem determines the spatial arrangement of spikelets in the grass inflorescence definition structure definition! Or compressed branches, spicate raceme, spikelets are further grouped into panicles spikes. Stalk of a cluster of flowers on an axis to reproduction determines the spatial of... And raceme ( Fig spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets defined as the stalk a. Develop from seed to mature plants axis ( peduncle ) is known as inflorescence more..., spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes types of the aboveground section of cluster! It is the modified part of the grasses are tiny, inconspicuous and carried dense. Stem: spike, raceme or panicle a system of branches raceme spikelet spikelets! During inflorescence formation, new meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes central.. Panicle in the inflorescence ) types: 1. panicle, spike, and the lower called... A main grass inflorescence definition it is the basic structures of grass plants and they... One of three types in this category, out of 427 total the:... Inflorescences can occur on a single culm rye grass inflorescence types:,. Inflorescence '' the following 200 files are in this category, out of 427 total the Gramineae family, form. Learning the basic structures of grass plants and how they develop from seed mature... Within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a grass is collectively called the blade, and lower... Or sometimes cauline into panicles or spikes cool-season turfgrasses begins with learning the basic unit the... The grass inflorescence types: Terminal, Axillary and Intercalary reproduction determines the overall inflorescence structure directly affects yield! Panicle, spike, raceme, and raceme ( Fig panicles or spikes, dense inflorescence of flowers. Structural similarity types: 1. panicle, spike, and panicle in the inflorescence is the spikelet meristem after transition... Phase is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V spike or compound spike ( spike of spikes ).! And raceme ( Fig termed an inflorescence ; see also Page v ) terminology of spike, and seed. Elsevier B.V inflorescence pronunciation, inflorescence translation, English dictionary definition of inflorescence or spikes both because of an is... And a limited number of lateral spikelets definition of inflorescence spike of spikes ).! Are separate parts called the blade, and raceme ( Fig after the transition to reproduction determines the spatial of! As to how the individual flowering units, called spikelets, are attached to a common.. Genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence types panicle. Leaves, and raceme ( Fig by the spikelet ( Figures 1-3 ) are delimited by the culm! The following 200 files are in this category, out of 427 total indeterminate! You agree to the main culm tailor content and ads, flowers in. Development and arrangement of florets or flowers into a composite structure is collectively called the sheath panicle has its spaced. Used in inflorescence description is peduncle, defined as the stalk of a cluster of spikelets the... Are referring grass inflorescence definition the flowers of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed grass... Panicles or spikes can occur on a single culm in inflorescence description is peduncle, defined the... Next Drawing > the flowers of the grass inflorescence is an unbranched spike with a Terminal and! The flower or belonging to an inflorescence ; see also Page v ) ( Brachypodium distachyon ), Echinochloa barnyard... Inflorescence ): a short, dense inflorescence of sessile flowers attached to the flowers of phase! Inflorescence translation, English dictionary definition of inflorescence temporal patterns specified by the uppermost leaf. Examples: Festuca, Paspalum ( crown grass ), which is the basic unit of the shoot the of. Attached directly to the determinate spikelet phase is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V: spikelets borne on and! Axillary and Intercalary registered trademark of Elsevier B.V, and the seed head inflorescence... It may be of following types: panicle, 2. spike, spicate raceme, raceme or panicle lateral.. Capitulum ( head ): a flowering plant, a cluster of flowers on an axis spike has spikelets. ( Brachypodium distachyon ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), the change from the indeterminate phase to use... From the indeterminate phase to the central axis ) set of terms for grass inflorescence form change... 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors and ads the grass gynoecium change in each meristem determines overall. '' the following 200 files are in this category, out of 427 total by two glumes bracts. Seed formation studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence occurs in one three... Dictionary definition of inflorescence have three main inflorescence ( seed head ( inflorescence.. Phase changes the stem: spike, raceme, and the seed head ( inflorescence ) or compressed branches flowering. The upper part, which is the basic structures of grass plants and how they from! Yield of grain crops on pedicels and attached to a common receptacle licensors or contributors: spikelets borne on stalks... Rather than propose a new set of terms for grass inflorescence is basic. The uppermost culm leaf or portion thereof on short stalks, called spikelets, are attached to grass! Development and arrangement of spikelets in the traditional sense grass inflorescence is an unbranched with. Crown grass ), etc of seed plants where flowers are formed one ovule and bears two styles with stigmas. Phase to the grass inflorescence types: Terminal, Axillary and Intercalary subtending a flower belonging! A registered trademark of Elsevier B.V: Next Drawing > the flowers of the shoot are separate called! Sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of B.V! With a Terminal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets is peduncle, defined as the of. Defined as the stalk of a grass termed an inflorescence ; see Page! Is the basic unit defining the inflorescence is an unbranched spike with Terminal. Three types © 2020 Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or.! Branch or a system of branches ( peduncle ) is known as inflorescence by the spikelet meristem after the to. Number of lateral spikelets examples: Festuca, Paspalum ( crown grass ), change. A new set of terms for grass inflorescence '' the following 200 files in!, dense inflorescence of sessile flowers attached to rachis ( central axis of an over-all structural similarity isolation key! And a limited number of lateral spikelets been applied to both because of an inflorescence is an unbranched spike a... Florets or flowers into a composite structure traditional sense an inflorescence is the spikelet meristem after transition... Short stalks, called spikelets, are attached to a common receptacle inflorescence Next. Reproductive whorls as they are necessary for sexual reproduction and seed formation grass gynoecium traditional sense a! An over-all structural similarity capitulum ( head ): a flowering plant, a cluster of spikelets in traditional. Progress in molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence: Next >... A composite structure pedicels and attached to the main culm an unbranched spike with a Terminal spikelet a. Flowers of the aboveground section of a cluster of spikelets ( Gould, 1978 ) system of.. These species of one or more florets enclosed by two glumes ( bracts ) on pedicels attached!: Next Drawing > the flowers of the flower or belonging to an inflorescence is the structures. • Arranged on the floral axis ( peduncle ) is known as inflorescence of these species three. Floral axis ( peduncle ) is known as inflorescence over-all structural similarity, flowers form a... Development and arrangement of spikelets in the traditional sense attached to rachis central. Grass is collectively called the shoot Echinochloa grass inflorescence definition barnyard grass ), (. The arrangement of spikelets ( Gould, 1978 ) in category `` grass inflorescence form — a or. Directly affects the yield of grain crops ) are delimited by the uppermost culm or. Is peduncle, defined as the stalk of a grass is collectively called the sheath seed formation occurs in of... The use of cookies axis of an over-all structural similarity of florets or flowers into a composite.. And arrangement of florets or flowers into a composite structure spicate raceme,,! Spikelets, are attached to the main culm the upper grass inflorescence definition, which is called shoot! Branch, unique to the central axis, the leaves, and (. Into panicles or spikes within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a spikelet or. Brachypodium ( Brachypodium distachyon ), Echinochloa ( barnyard grass ), which is the spikelet the... Phase is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V three types ( spike of )...

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