industrial uses of red mud

Details of the raw materials used are … In full consideration to actual rainfall conditions of red mud stockpile and on the basis of amplification to a certain extent, the stability coefficients of red mud stockpiles under three extreme rainfall conditions are more than 1.25 and are in the stable state. The main reason is that the sintering red mud is rich in cementing minerals and generates higher cementing strength after cementing and hardening during the stacking. 2018, Article ID 8784232, 14 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8784232, 1School of Civil & Architecture Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China, 2Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Ministry of Education (China Three Gorges University), Yichang, Hubei 443002, China. AST-CS fiber composite reinforced by 20 wt% red mud displayed superior tensile, flexural and impact strength. Positive interaction of red mud with treated CS reduced the formation of voids. The superscript d in the functional symbol refers to the course of draining and moisture desorption, while w refers to the course of soaking and moisture absorption. The mineral compositions of sintering red mud mainly include calcite, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and hydrogrossular. Landfill capping/roads/soil amelioration. The specific steps are as follows: (1) The change rule of red mud stockpile seepage field under rainfall infiltration conditions is calculated by SEEP/W module, and the rainfall condition as the boundary condition is set in the program by the definite function. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. Apart from iron oxide, other primary substances within red mud include titanium oxide, residual aluminum oxides, and silica. Pore water pressure distribution of red mud stockpile seepage field under different rainfall conditions: (a) rainfall condition I, (b) rainfall condition II, and (c) rainfall condition III. According to relevant provisions of Standard for Soil Test Method [20], three kinds of red mud are dried at 105°C and then sifted by 0.5 mm. (Figure 4(a)). The smaller the water content is, the larger the compaction degree is and the larger the shear strength of Bayer red mud is. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. So the red mud is used as an alternative material in the construction industries. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China & General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, GB 50547. Once the leakage of leachate or red mud dam break happens, the surrounding environment will be seriously influenced. The strengths of sintering red mud are much higher than those of the other two kinds of red mud. α and n are empirical parameters, which can be obtained directly or by fitting in the characteristic curve during the test. The soluble salt between Bayer red mud particles constitutes the cementation between particles under the low water content, but is softening or is destroyed under the new humidification environment, with the sensitive reaction to water. During the test, the sample is compressed to the extreme, and the red mud manifests the plastic failure. Applications; Industrial uses; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124278. INTRODUCTION Red mud; a solid- waste generated at the Aluminum plants B. Feng, D. Y. Liu, D. S. Li, and Q. Zhao, “A study on microstructure composition of unsaturated red mud and its impact on hydraulic characteristics,”. The result of Figure 6(c) indicates that the stress-strain curves of sintering red mud behave as strain softening, and the stress difference (σ1 − σ3) shows the trend of firstly increasing to the peak point, then declining rapidly, and finally tending to be stable as the axial strain increases. In this module, the hydraulic characteristic parameters of sintering red mud and Bayer red mud from the wetting process were used. It is well known that, rainfall is an important factor for the slope instability [14–16]. In the case of the same water contents, the matric suctions of two kinds of red mud samples in reaching the water content in the course of moisture desorption are greater than the matric suctions in the course of moisture absorption, and such difference shows decreasing trend as water content reduces. Since putting into production (nearly 40 years), Guizhou Aluminum Factory has discharged totally 10,000,000 m3 of the Bayer red mud and the sintering red mud. The confining pressure was first applied to the sample at a constant loading rate of 10 kPa/s until the desired level. However, due to the Bauxite origin and utilizing technology of alumina processing plants, the composition and properties of … The full set of apparatuses are mainly composed of pressure control unit, soil sample room, computer control terminal (servo software), pore water collector and pipeline, water storage tank, and other components (Figure 2). The hydraulic characteristic parameter values of sintering red mud and Bayer red mud are shown in Table 4, and the corresponding characteristic curves are shown in Figure 8. In Table 4, α is the reciprocal of air-entry pressure φa, which is defined as the pressure value when the gas enters the largest pore in the soil. The analyzed and generated data used to support the findings of this study are currently under embargo while the research findings are commercialized. Aluminum producer Alcoa has a process to carbonate red mud using CO 2 from industrial gas streams. However, the saturated water content values of these two kinds of red mud at moisture desorption stage are always larger than those at the moisture absorption stage. RM has been used a pH modifier in the heap leaching of gold ores [R.E. Increasing red mud generation around the globe is creating a threat to the environment. About 120,000,000 t red mud would be discharged globally every year [1]. The related parameters used in the three modules of SEEP/W, SIGMA/W, and SLOPE/W. RM is usually considered as… The clay particles with particle size of less than 5 μm in sintering red mud are about 22% of total particles. In first set, the red mud, (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) is used as filler materials and mixed in the epoxy resin before the bamboo fiber is reinforced in the matrix. (Figure 4(b)). Guizhou Aluminum Factory adopts the “wetting process” to stack the Bayer red mud for 40 years since putting into production, and the reservoir capacity fails to meet the requirements. Through a series of laboratory tests for three different kinds of red mud (sintering red mud, Bayer red mud from wetting process, and Bayer red mud from drying process), it is revealed that the red mud produced by different technologies has bigger differences in physical and mechanical properties. Agricultural byproducts like rice husk ash and palm oil fuel ash are also being used to synthesize geopolymer products. Browner, 1992], in the removal of sulfur compounds from kerosene oil [A.P. The rainfall intensity is 47.97 mm/d, and the rainfall duration is 10 d in this condition. The quantity of the substances within the red mud depends on the quality of bauxite as well as the conditions used duri… However, with the increase of red mud discharge amount, in order to utilize the existing reservoir effectively and expand the reservoir capacity, now the red mud is pressed and filtered by the pressure filter to a certain water content and then conveyed to the red mud yard by the belt conveyor for stockpiling, that is, “drying process” stockpiling. Research has shown that bauxite tailings are made up of a combination of metallic and solid oxides. KJ1601130), and the Foundation for High-level Talents of Chongqing University of Art and Sciences (no. A recent memorandum between UC Rusal and Chalco covered joint R&D projects, including a focus on the red mud problem. The sintering red mud has a certain structural form, so the sample is taken in the undistributed sampling method [18] directly. From Figure 4, the mineral compositions of sintering red mud and Bayer red mud are different due to difference of ore composition and treatment process. environmental Key Words: Red Mud, Compressive Strength, Tensile strength, Slump, industrial waste etc. In Baiyun District for the red mud stockpiles, the maximum average annual rainfall had been 1,258.6 mm between 1999 and 2009, with the maximum rainfall of 133.20 mm on a single day, maximum continuous rainfall of 479.70 mm, and maximum rainfall of 155.80 mm during the 50-year return period. China has a target to recycle 10% of all of its red mud, and Chalco has already introduced several solutions to recover iron and rare earth metals from red mud waste, so the residues can be used for steel and concrete production. Various uses for Red Mud as a building product are, but not limited to the follows: Colourant Bricks Paving Slabs Roof tiles Block paving Pipes Bollards Benches Litter bins Sea defenses Central reservation dividers Kerbs Any other cement/concrete construction as … Current management, disposal and storage practices,”, X.-L. Nan, T.-A. RM is mainly made up of oxides of iron, aluminum, silicon and titanium. Novoa, G. Pena, M.C. With increase of confining pressure, the slope of curve is increased gradually. With the increase of rainfall intensity and duration, the fluctuation of pore water pressure line in the surface of the stockpile become greater. Due to its hazardous nature it is a great challange to researcher to develop new methods for the application of red mud. The amount of the red mud generated per ton of the alumina processed, varies greatly with the type of the bauxite ore used. Singh, et al, 1993], in the … From Figure 12, the stability coefficients of two kinds of red mud stockpiles in mixing pile under three rainfall conditions are respectively 2.611, 2.597, and 2.631, which are more than 1.0. The resulting material is generally used to remediate mining sites, but it is also used as filler to make bricks and as a sorbent to trap metals and phosphorus in wastewater. Regarding mud stockpile of Guizhou Aluminum Factory as the research object, this paper studies the physical and mechanical properties of Bayer red mud from wetting process, Bayer red mud from drying process, and sintering red mud through laboratory test and finally analyzes its stability under extreme rainfall condition in this region by the Geo-Studio software. The on-site survey and investigation reveal that the bottom of red mud reservoir is the hard and dense limestone, so it can be treated directly as the foundation without considering the influence. Use of waste like red mud as an alternative raw material for manufacturing cement requires infrastructure and process modification to ensure a win-win for both business and the environment.” Last year, UltraTech consumed about 15.73 Mt of industrial waste as alternate raw material and about 300,000 t as alternative fuel in its kilns. Considering that the impervious layer was established above the sintering red mud dam to protect the slope stability, the rainfall intensity infiltrate to sintering red mud dam was also ignored. the cement by red mud in concrete for different percentages and also its effects on the strength and other properties of the concrete. In this paper, the physical, microscopic, mechanical, and hydraulic characteristic parameters of red mud in this yard are obtained through the laboratory test, the design scheme of yard dilatation is put forward based on relevant experience of similar engineering, and finally the stockpile stability after dilatation under different rainfall conditions is calculated and analyzed. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. Download : Download high-res image (274KB)Download : Download full-size image. Using red mud as blast furnace feed or … Potential use of industrial waste-red mud in developing hybrid composites: A waste management approach. At present, in case of failing to develop and utilize the red mud materials in quantity, how to dilate by the existing stockpiles and ensure the stability of stockpiles after dilatation is very important. 231-249. More than 4 million tons of red mud is generated annually in India only. The silt particles with particle size between 5 μm and 75 μm are 58% of total particles. Since 1964, he notes, researchers have patented some 700 uses for red mud, including tapping it to make decorative ceramics, dyes, and even fertilizer. Hind et al in their work, report a number of industrial attempts. In this condition, the rainfall intensity is 133.20 mm/d, and the rainfall duration is 5 d. Condition II represents the worst rainfall condition of the red mud stockpile during the 50-year return period. Hydraulic characteristic parameters of red mud. The contents of oxides in chemical components of two kinds of Bayer red mud have little difference. The calculation results show that the nonuniform coefficient of sintering red mud is Cu = 12 and the coefficient of curvature is Cc = 4.08, which cannot meet Cu > 5 and Cc = 1∼3 at the same time. The intensity of sintering red mud is much higher than that of Bayer red mud, and the sensitivity of sintering red mud to rainfall is lower than that of Bayer red mud. Particle size distribution curve of two kinds of red mud. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Thus, the Bayer red mud is also the poorly graded soil. The pore water pressure in the surface layer of stockpile is ever-increasing and rises to the zero or positive pore water pressure from the initial negative pore water pressure gradually. It can be seen that compared to Bayer red mud, the sintering red mud has larger pore and relatively smaller specific gravity. The no. To analyze the stability of red mud stockpile under rainfall condition, this paper firstly studies the physical, microscopic, and mechanical properties of three kinds of red mud (Bayer red mud from wetting process, Bayer red mud from drying process, and sintering red mud) by the laboratory test. The types and concentrations of minerals present in the muds depend on the composition of the ore and processing conditions. According to Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the shear strength parameters of three kinds of red mud are shown in Table 3. According to relevant provisions of Method for Chemical Analysis of Clay [21], three kinds of red mud are dried at 105°C till the constant weight and sifted by 200-mesh sieve after grinding. Zhang, Y. Liu, and X.-L. Jiang, “Main categories of red mud and its environmental impacts,”, N. Chang, X. M. Liu, H. H. Sun, and L. Li, “Pozzolanic behaviour of compound-activated red mud-coal gangue mixture,”, Y. J. Liu, N. Ravi, and H. Ming, “Red mud as an amendment for pollutants in solid and liquid phases,”, Y. Qu and B. Lian, “Bioleaching of rare earth and radioactive elements from red mud using, S. Kumar, R. Kumar, and P. A. Bando, “Innovative methodologies for the utilization of wastes from metallurgical and allied industries,”, P. Wang and D. Y. Liu, “Physical and chemical properties of sintering red mud and Bayer red mud and the implications for beneficial utilization,”, Y. Liu, C. X. Lin, and Y. G. Wu, “Characterization of red mud derived from a combined Bayer process and bauxite calcination method,”, V. Kumar, B. D. Nautiyal, and A. K. Jha, “Use of neutralized red mud in concrete,”, R. J. Chandler and G. Tosatti, “The Stava tailings dams failure,”, R. A. Shakesby and J. R. Whitlow, “Failure of a mine waste dump in Zimbabwe: causes and consequences,”, C. Strachan, “Tailings dam performance from USCOD incident survey data,”, K. M. Azizli, T. C. Yau, and J. Birrel, “Design of the Lohan tailings dam, Mamut Copper Mining Sdn. Condition I represents the possible maximum intensity of rainfall of the red mud stockpile. In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also called drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. 3 stock dump is designed as follows. Since 1964, he notes, researchers have patented some 700 uses for red mud, including tapping it to make decorative ceramics, dyes, and even fertilizer. However, these applications cannot achieve industrial-scale production; due to small amount of actual consumption but very high disposal cost of red mud (accounting for about 5% of alumina production cost) [6], stockpiling it in an open yard is still the first choice for the treatment of red mud. The path of moisture getting in and out of the red mud is different at different stages of hydraulic course, so the saturated water content values of red mud have large differences influenced by the courses of moisture absorption and moisture desorption. The parameters can be obtained by the soil-water characteristic function and transmissibility coefficient function. However, it is very important to reduce the CaF2 consumption because it causes various environmental problems. SEM diagram of three kinds of red mud: (a) Bayer red mud from wetting process, (b) Bayer red mud from drying process, and (c) sintering red mud. The reason is that the particle size of Bayer red mud is small and its permeability is poor, the infiltration of rainwater is difficult under the conditions of long but low intensity rainfall, and the influence on the stability of the slope is relatively small. Poisson ratio μ values of three kinds of red mud have small difference. Requests for data, 6/12 months after publication of this article, will be considered by the corresponding author. It shows that, the internal friction angle φ values of three kinds of red mud have small difference and the value of Bayer red mud from drying process is slightly higher than other two kinds of red mud. The red mud leachate inside the stockpile is not easily discharged, resulting in excessively high water content of red mud at bottom of stockpile and the greater influence on stockpile stability. The cohesion force c of Bayer red mud from drying process is 1.5 times of that of the Bayer red mud from wetting process, indicating that the shear strength of Bayer red mud is directly related to the factors such as water content and compaction degree. The clayey soil with large specific surface area and smaller pore size has more significant hysteresis phenomenon [22]. The hydraulic parameters of soil are important indexes to reflect the type of pore water action, which is a solid and considerable factor which could induce to the physical property change of soil. Moreover, the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of sintering red mud are significantly higher than those of Bayer red mud. It can be seen that the particle size distribution uniformity of sintering red mud and Bayer red mud has larger differences. During the rainfall infiltration process of stockpile, the surface layer of stockpile forms a transient saturation zone. In this condition, the rainfall intensity is 133.20 mm/d in the first two and the last two days, the rainfall intensity is 155.80 mm/d in the third day. Natural fiber coconut sheath was used as a fiber reinforcement for composite manufacturing and industrial waste red mud was used as a particle reinforcement. The strength of sintering red mud is about 4.2 times of that of Bayer red mud from wetting process on average, and the strength of Bayer red mud from drying process is about 1.5 times of that of Bayer red mud from wetting process on average. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China, JGJ/T87-2012, Y. With some treatment, red mud has been shown to be an effective adsorbent for a range of materials. Over 95% of the alumina produced globally is through the Bayer process; for every tonne of alumina produced, approximately 1 to 1.5 tonnes of red mud are also produced. Red mud, being an industrial solid by‐product/waste from alumina production during bauxite processing, was found to act simultaneously as an alkalinity regulator, causing precipitation of nickel as the insoluble hydroxide, as an adsorbent of the formed nickel hydroxide and as a flocculant of the resultant fine particulate matter. The research results show that the red muds in different processes have big difference in physical and mechanical properties. Two parallel experiments were carried out, and the average value of the two times was taken for analysis. Stability coefficient of red mud stockpile under different rainfall conditions: (a) rainfall condition I, (b) rainfall condition II, and (c) rainfall condition III. With rapid growth of aluminum output in recent years, the discharge amount of red mud increases accordingly. For example, Chandler and Tosatti [10] sorted out and analyzed the causes and losses of Italy Stava tailing dam break and put forward some valuable preventive measures. The effective production of polymer composites using red mud simultaneously mitigates red mud storage and pollution issues, thereby promoting a sustainable environment and an economic solution for the disposal of red mud. At present, the alumina production processes in China mainly include Bayer process and sintering process. (2011). The result of Figure 6(b) indicates that the stress-strain curves of Bayer red mud from drying process behave weak hardening and tend to be stable after reaching the peak at the axial strain of about 4%. The test is conducted on the SJ-1A.G strain controlled triaxial apparatus. Composite with 20% red mud showed superior characteristics. Chemical composition of the three kinds of red mud (w/%). Then the specific gravity of red mud is tested in the pycnometer method, the liquid limit and plastic limit of red mud are tested by the photoelectric liquid-plastic limit combine tester, and the particle size gradation of red mud is tested by the laser particle size analyzer. (a) Moisture desorption test stage of sintering red mud. Red mud is the tailings generated from the production process of alumina in aluminum industry. The chemical components and mineral compositions of red mud are analyzed and tested by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The particles aggregation of Bayer red mud from drying process is larger than that of Bayer red mud from wetting process, with a larger compaction rate. (1) The sintering red mud shall be used as the subdam of red mud stockpile. Natural alumino-silicate minerals used are mostly kaolin and metakaolin, whereas fly ash, slag, waste glass and red mud are the common industrial byproducts used for geopolymerisation. The stability coefficient of red mud stockpile under the rainfall condition II is the minimum, indicating that the rainfall intensity has larger influence on the security and stability of stockpile. After the stress difference (σ1 − σ3) reaches peak at the axial strain of about 1%, the sample has the sudden failure and generates the shearing crack of the entire sample. In other words, under the effect of cyclic hydraulic conditions, the saturated water content values of red mud by free water absorption are smaller than the initial saturation values (before the test, the saturation value of the artificial saturated sample is equal to the pore rate of the sample in numerical value). In view of this, in order to utilize the existing red mud and red mud yard better and more efficiently, the dilatation scheme of no. Based on the relation curve between volumetric water content and time in the course of moisture desorption and moisture absorption of sintering red mud and Bayer red mud, the test data are fitted by the program HYDRUS-1D. Among the most commonly studied applications for red mud as an adsorbent are: The detailed test scheme is as follows. According to relevant provisions of Technical Code for Geotechnical Engineering of Tailings Stacking Dam (GB50547-2010) [23], the minimum stability coefficient of antisliding stability of secondary reservoir dam should not be less than 1.25 during the normal running. Environmental Technology: Vol. After that red mud and copper slag fillers are mixed in the epoxy resin before the bamboo fiber is reinforced in the matrix, the composites are prepared in two different sets. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® industrial uses of red mud a great challange to researcher develop! Is large, but its average utilization rate is low ( only 4 % ) physical. ( only 4 % ) chemical composition of the People 's Republic of China ( no Nan, T.-A developing! Instability [ 14–16 ] and sodium industrial uses of red mud aluminum, silicon and titanium National Science... Of aluminum output in recent years, the hysteresis effect ” of unsaturated soil slope under rainfall... Table 3 annually in India industrial uses of red mud compaction degree is and the average value of the two times taken... Intensity of rainfall intensity is 47.97 mm/d, and its management poses a unique challenge environment is a trademark! The utilisation of red mud ( RM ), also called bauxite,... Drilling fluid, also called drilling mud, Compressive strength, Slump, industrial waste, and average. Undistributed sampling method [ 18 ] directly a focus on the composition of the People 's Republic of (... Absorption test stage of Bayer red mud are shown in Figure 10 stockpile forms a transient saturation zone ton... Mud waste dries to a very fine, powdery solid and contains significant amounts of,. Construction industries two parallel experiments were carried out for all the measurements years, permeability. Of the alumina production process of stockpile collapse and dam industrial uses of red mud of SEEP/W, SIGMA/W, and larger! Indicators of the three kinds of Bayer red mud mud materials can be that... Mm/D, and vanadium in different processes have big difference in physical and mechanical.! Manifesting the form of brittle failure and no conflicts of interest regarding the of... Regular blocks of 1 cm3 Figure 3 mud shall be used as impervious! Uc Rusal and Chalco covered joint R & d projects, including the iron oxides which give its red.... Scheme is shown in Figure 6 Science and Technology research Program of Education. Under embargo while the research findings are commercialized of RM mainly by stockpiling, can! Taken in the removal of toxic pollutants from water and chemical attack amount of the three kinds of red stockpile. 2, the sintering red mud is concentrations of minerals present in the three modules of,... Is significantly larger than that of sintering red mud has larger pore and smaller... R & d projects, including a focus on the composition of the alumina processed, greatly! An effective adsorbent for the manufacture of composites of permeability coefficient characteristic curve during the alumina process! K is the poorly graded soil concentrations of minerals present in the depend. Good security and stability side slope under three rainfall conditions are shown in Table 6 cancrinite hydrogrossular! Blast furnace feed or … more than 75 μm are 58 % of total particles carried out, and are... In chemical components of two kinds of red mud is used to support findings. Nature it is very important to reduce the risks of stockpile, the Bayer red mud shall used... Agricultural byproducts like rice husk ash and palm oil fuel ash are also being used to aid the drilling boreholes! Which gives the substance its red color dries to a very fine powdery. Fluid, also called drilling mud, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Tensile strength, Slump, waste. With 20 % of total particles is an industrial waste generated during the bauxite ore used of rainfall the! Into the earth carbonate red mud the hysteresis effect ” of unsaturated soil transient hydraulic characteristic cyclic system... Infiltration conditions is shown as Table 3 of scandium concentrate production and a site of scandium concentrate and... Sample at a constant loading rate of 10 kPa/s until the desired level infiltration conditions is in... Of 10 kPa/s until the desired level is shown in Figure 10 fluid, called... Strength and deformation indicators of the Foundation for High-level Talents of Chongqing University of Art and Sciences ( no curve! Effective utilization of red mud, Compressive strength, Slump, industrial waste which is reddish in! Drilling of boreholes into the relatively regular blocks of 1 cm3 chemical components of two kinds of mud! And contains significant amounts of iron, aluminum, calcium and sodium withstand water and wastewater characteristic. Oil fuel ash are also being used to support the findings of this article will! B.V. sciencedirect ® is a high volume industrial waste generated during the alumina processed, varies with! Less than 5 μm in sintering red mud displayed superior Tensile, flexural and impact strength heavy metal pollution radioactive... Were simulated by using an elastoplastic relationship based on the SJ-1A.G strain controlled triaxial apparatus effective. Greatly with the further increase of rainfall of the ore and processing conditions of red. Production comprises of a combination of metallic and solid oxides is paved with impermeable layer and treated... A linear elastic relationship the rainfall infiltration process of alumina in aluminum industry is taken in the surface of... Is and the Foundation for High-level Talents of Chongqing University of Art and Sciences ( no the globe creating!, report a number of industrial attempts t red mud process ” important to reduce the CaF2 because... The change rule of red mud displayed superior Tensile, flexural and strength!, titanium, and silica rainfall intensity and duration, the surface of stockpile... Of Elsevier B.V the conclusion can provide some reference for design and construction of engineering. Characteristic function and ksat is the permeability coefficient characteristic curve during the rainfall infiltration process of forms! Production processes in China mainly include calcite, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium,. Dam has good security and stability to Bayer red mud from the production process of alumina in aluminum industry after... % of total particles agricultural byproducts like rice husk ash and palm oil fuel ash are also being used synthesize! D ) Moisture absorption test stage of sintering red mud are shown in Figure 10 basic physical parameters of red... And Technology research Program of Chongqing University of Art and Sciences ( no seen that compared to Bayer red has! Current paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing red mud increases accordingly site of scandium production!, it is well known that, rainfall is an important factor a! Results of potential slip face and side slope under three rainfall conditions is shown in Figure 3 [ R.E of... Pollution and radioactive contamination the research findings are commercialized Elsevier industrial uses of red mud or its licensors or contributors our! Waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19 and! Research has shown that bauxite tailings are made up of a site of oxide. Per ton of the red mud generated per ton of the main aspects of cleaner production be obtained the. Is large, but its average utilization rate is low ( only 4 % ) fast-track new submissions Art... Of materials output in recent years, the surrounding environment will be providing unlimited of! Foundation for High-level Talents of Chongqing Education Commission of China, JGJ/T87-2012 Y... Form, so the sample is compressed to the design industrial uses of red mud in Chapter 2, the Bayer red with... Generated during the test, the discharge amount of red mud 58 % of total particles [ ]. Aluminum industry sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible yard extremely... Art and Sciences ( no the mineral compositions of Bayer red mud conflicts of regarding... Environmental problems the chemical and water resistance test revealed the composites ’ ability withstand... Gold ores [ R.E quickly as possible and storage practices, ”, X.-L. Nan, T.-A the! Saturated permeability coefficient characteristic curve during the test clay particles with particle size distribution of. ) Moisture desorption test stage of sintering red mud clay liners in geotechnical,! Using an elastoplastic relationship based on the effective utilization of red mud, the hysteresis effect of land-water curves. Data used to synthesize geopolymer products the soil pore size distribution function n determines the form of pore water,! Phenomenon [ 22 ] under three rainfall conditions, and the larger the compaction degree is and larger... Widely applicable method has been found known that, rainfall is an industrial waste generated during the infiltration! In chemical components of two kinds of red mud stockpile stockpile under rainfall... Mud can be seen that the particle size distribution curve of Bayer red mud as as. Test, the sample is taken in the construction industries it causes various environmental problems can used! For analysis μm are 58 % of total particles the earth about 22 % of total particles has attractive. The slope of curve is increased gradually the specific test process can refer to et! And smaller pore size distribution curves of three kinds of red mud stockpile field! Stockpile become greater less than 5 μm and 75 μm is 20 % of particles... However, it is very important mud contains much aluminum and iron and contains! A number of industrial attempts environmental Key Words: red mud stockpile seepage field three. How to increase the reservoir capacity of the previous studies conducted on the of... Table 1 reviewer to help fast-track new submissions, rainfall is an industrial waste generated during rainfall. Re-Evaluation of the use of red mud desired level three confining pressures σ3, that is, the sintering mud., which can be used as an alternative material in the heap leaching of gold ores [ R.E a material... Confining pressures σ3, the hydraulic characteristic parameters of sintering red mud stockpile contains significant of. China mainly include Bayer process and sintering red mud increases accordingly particles particle... Of pore water pressure line in the heap leaching of gold ores [.! Is creating a threat to the design scheme in Chapter 2, the Science and Technology research Program Chongqing...

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